Indonesia Incremental CNN-k-NN Hybrid Facial Recognition for Helmeted Facial Recognition in IoT-Enabled Smart Parking: A Case Study at Universitas Mataram

I B K Widiartha, Ario Yudo Husodo, Tran Thi Thanh Thuy, Santi Ika MurpratiwiNon-Scopus23 Desember 2025Afiliasi: ID, VN

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Helmeted rider identification challenges traditional facial recognition, especially in Indonesian campuses like UNRAM, where motorbike use is prevalent and theft risks are high. This study develops a hybrid CNN-k-NN system for secure parking access. The dataset contains 2,800 augmented images (Haar Cascade crop, 224x224 grayscale), with features extracted via VGG16/ResNet and classified using k-NN (k=1, Euclidean/Cosine). The system achieves 95.62% accuracy, with precision, recall, and F1 scores of 0.96. Incremental retraining reduces processing time to under 1 second, compared to 30 minutes for full retraining. The use of cosine similarity improves accuracy slightly over Euclidean distance. This solution enhances IoT-based smart campuses by enabling efficient, real-time identification and reducing theft by improving access control. It is adaptable to low-resource environments, supporting scalable deployments in smart parking and campus security systems.

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